Databases: Vital Records: Pre-1907 Marriage Indices

Brides surnames beginning with "T"

 

BRIDE'S NAME, GROOM'S NAME, MARRIAGE DATE, LOCATION

• TAINTOR, Emma Jane married to FOX, William Henry on 24 Aug 1884 at Osseo
• TAINTOR, Jessie Annie married to TAYLOR, John on 25 Jan 1900 at Arcadia
• TAJE, Anna Kristianson married to HANSON, Jens on 21 May 1896 at Ettrick
• TALBRUND, Ida T married to SMITH, Eldridge S on 25 Nov 1874 at Trempealeau
• TALEN, Agnes married to PAMPUCH, John on 26 Jul 1875 at Burnside
• TANDA, Clara Amanda married to SYVERSON, John O on 04 May 1906 at Osseo
• TANDECZKI, Mary married to SZYCA, Peter on 21 Aug 1906 at Dodge
• TANGBAKKE, Josefine Joh married to NASS, Gudbrand W on 21 Jun 1894 at Preston
• TAPPEN, Elizabeth Amanda married to THURSTON, Henry on 16 Jun 1904 at Springfield, Jackson Co WI
• TAPPEN, Marie married to LARSON, Hans Ludvid on 09 Oct 1893 at Gale
• TAPPERT, Sophia married to WASHBURN, George W on 26 Apr 1873 at Trempealeau
• TARALDSON, Minnie married to HAUG, Ole on 04 Dec 1902 at Pigeon Falls
• TARALSON, Ida Olava married to NYBERG, Henry C on 17 May 1900 at Blair
• TARPANA, Sophrona A married to HARE, Joseph on 13 Mar 1868 at Gale
• TARSEZSH, Anna married to RULASIEWICK, Wiklor on 18 Feb 1873 at Pine Creek
• TATE, Emma married to RYAN, John on 08 Jan 1889 at Trempealeau
• TATTER, Agnette Anders married to REED, Ole Olson on 14 Dec 1869 at Ettrick
• TAYLOR, Charlotte married to WILKINS, Edgar H on 20 Oct 1880 at Burnside
• TAYLOR, Lillie May married to BARTHOLOMEW, Albert A on 20 Sep 1898 at Galesville
• TAYLOR, Lottie married to MCMILLAN, Niel A on 11 May 1891 at Gale
• TAYLOR, Rovenia married to ALLEN, William B on 08 Oct 1878 at Trempealeau
• TEMPSKA, Julia Helen married to WISE, Frank on 06 Nov 1899 at Independence
• TENANT,Olive C married to CRAWFORD, James A on 12 mar 1878 at Arcadia
• TENNESON, Grette married to JOHNSON, Charles on 24 Jan 1899 at Blair
• TENNESON, Sophia married to KNUDTSON, Charles K on 28 Sep 1889 at Whitehall
• TENNESON, Talette married to HANNEVOLD, Peder Anton on 14 Nov 1899 at Preston
• TENNISON, Ida Emelia married to THOMPSON, Henry on 03 Sep 1898 at Preston
• TESCHER, Emma married to SOBOTA, Anthony on 14 Nov 1904 at Independence
• THARALDSON, Anna Carine married to PAULSON, Johannas on 14 Feb 1864 at Ettrick
• THARALDSON, Laura M married to BERG, Rinholt I on 17 Nov 1892 at Preston
• THEAL, Abby Jane married to FASSETT, Albert on 06 Nov 1871 at Lincoln
• THEAL, Mary Elizabeth married to MCGIE, William W on 23 Aug 1868 at Lincoln
• THEURER, Regina K married to HAFFNER, George on 30 Oct 1877 at Glencoe, Buffalo Co WI
• THOMA, Lizzie married to MACIOSZEK, Gregory J on 17 Nov 1903 at Independence
• THOMAS, Anlokrina married to STAKOWSKI, Leonard on 13 Jan 1873 at Pine Creek
• THOMAS, Ella N married to SPARLING, Will E on 18 Dec 1890 at Trempealeau
• THOMAS, Hattie married to HANNAM, Alfred on 25 Jan 1890 at Trempealeau
• THOMAS, Hattie Rosa married to SONSALLA, Paul A on 03 Oct 1905 at Arcadia
• THOMAS, Jane married to TAYLOR, John on 22 Jun 1892 at Galesville
• THOMAS, Leah married to BIRCHARD, Walter on 27 Dec 1882 at Galesville
• THOMAS, Mary married to GIBBONS, James on 27 Oct 1896 at Arcadia
• THOMAS, May married to QUACKENBUSH, Charles Henry on 02 Jul 1894 at Pigeon
• THOMAS, Rhoda married to MATCHET, Edward J on 03 Oct 1878 at Osseo
• THOMAS, Sarah Elizabeth married to KIMBALL, Francis Wayland on 24 Dec 1881 at Trempealeau
• THOMASGAARD, Josephine married to SVENDBY, Samuel Gilbert on 21 Jun 1906 at Strum
• THOMASGAARD, Pauline married to OLSON, Olaf C on 06 Jun 1900 at Strum
• THOMLE, Beathe married to FRISTAD, Nicolai B on 03 Sep 1887 at Whitehall
• THOMLEY, Louise M married to JOHNSON, Carl J on 12 Jan 1906 at Pigeon Falls
• THOMLIN, Julia Catharine married to PROTHERS, Thomas on 28 May 1871 at Osseo
• THOMPSEN, Anne married to CHRISTENSEN, John on 23 Oct 1871 at Sumner
• THOMPSON, Agnes married to HELLAND, John S on 07 Dec 1881 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Agnete married to OLSON, Christian on 14 Nov 1882 at Chimney Rock
• THOMPSON, Alice Brunhildi married to KNUTSON, Julius Olai on 23 May 1906 at Blair
• THOMPSON, Alice E married to WILLS, John C on 28 Apr 1870 at Osseo
• THOMPSON, Alma married to ARNTSON, Syver on 08 Dec 1906 at Strum
• THOMPSON, Anna M  married to LINDSEY, Andrew D on 29 Aug 1869 at Caledonia
• THOMPSON, Anna Maria married to LARSON, Engle Conrad on 14 May 1901 at Independence
• THOMPSON, Anne married to BOE, Knute Swenson on 11 Feb 1871 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Anne married to BERNTSON, Ewind on 24 Feb 1883 at Pigeon Falls
• THOMPSON, Anne married to WILSON, Hans on 23 Dec 1895 at Strum
• THOMPSON, Anne H married to SANDAKER, Lars N on 15 Jun 1891 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Aslaug married to ANDREASEN, Kristian on 22 Sep 1871 at Sumner
• THOMPSON, Betsey G married to SEVERSON, Luis F on 31 May 1873 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Betsy married to ABERHAMSON, Samuel T on 07 Jul 1883 at Chimney Rock
• THOMPSON, Betsy O married to JOHNSON, Samuel on 07 Oct 1905 at Unity
• THOMPSON, Carie married to DOUGLAS, Price on 25 Feb 1886 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Carrie married to KELLEY, Peter A E on 24 Mar 1875 at Lincoln
• THOMPSON, Carrie married to JOHNSON, Sylvester on 20 Oct 1873 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Carrie married to KNUDTSON, Gulic on 23 Sep 1893 at Whitehall
• THOMPSON, Christine married to BENRUD, Lewis D on 19 Oct 1868 at Trempealeau
• THOMPSON, Clara married to EITREN, Henry (Ullek) Jacobson on 08 Jan 1902 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Clara B married to ARNESON, Albert on 14 May 1903 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Cora married to WARD, Oscar on 28 Sep 1898 at Osseo
• THOMPSON, Eliza C married to FISH, Charles Henry on 12 Jun 1884 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Ellen married to BOYNTON, Owen A on 14 Nov 1867 at Trempealeau
• THOMPSON, Emma married to THOMPSON, Ole A on 19 Feb 1876 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Emma married to BATEMAN, John on 01 Jul 1884 at Whitehall
• THOMPSON, Emma married to WOOD, Adelbert on 22 Dec 1886 at Whitehall
• THOMPSON, Emma Martine married to IVERSEN, Julius on 07 Jun 1894 at Pigeon Falls
• THOMPSON, Esther B married to OLSON, Ole M on 14 Apr 1877 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Freda married to ROBERTS, Thomas Jr on 10 Apr 1899 at Independence
• THOMPSON, Genie married to NELSON, Niles on 24 Jan 1874 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Grace Evelyn married to VAN SICKLE, Alvah William on 27 Jun 1907 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Ida married to THOMPSON, Ole on 17 Feb 1872 at Burnside
• THOMPSON, Ida married to MATTISON, Edwin on 24 Aug 1905 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Inger Marie married to VOLD, H O on 03 Jul 1896 at Lincoln
• THOMPSON, Isabella Berthe married to OLSON, Ole C on 03 Jun 1880 at Whitehall
• THOMPSON, Josephine Christine married to NELSON, Oscar on 07 Jul 1904 at Garfield, Jackson Co WI
• THOMPSON, Josie married to RENNING, Charles on 11 May 1905 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Julia married to OLSON, John A on 18 Jun 1901 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Julia G married to THOMPSON, John N on 15 Oct 1864 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Juliana married to HAMMERSTAD, Hans L on 08 Nov 1893 at Unity
• THOMPSON, Laura married to BRENENGEN, John W on 24 Jan 1903 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Leila Ash married to HOLMBERG, Leroy John on 24 Jun 1902 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Lena married to TANDE, Tostan T on 12 May 1879 at Arcadia
• THOMPSON, Lena married to BOUCHER, George A on 02 May 1905 at La Crosse, La Crosse Co WI
• THOMPSON, Lilley married to HARM, Albert on 21 Mar 1894 at Trempealeau
• THOMPSON, Lizzie E married to SHARP, Alexander W on 12 Jun 1892 at Trempealeau
• THOMPSON, Lydia Levina married to BOWERS, Charles Edward on 01 Oct 1902 at Sumner
• THOMPSON, Magna Augusta married to BENRUD, Hans Oluf on 24 Dec 1898 at French Creek
• THOMPSON, Martha married to SYVERSON, Lewis F on 27 May 1868 at Gale
• THOMPSON, Mary married to FARGO, Charles B on 16 Mar 1876 at Independence
• THOMPSON, Mary married to AUBURG, Andrew A on 20 Apr 1876 at Lincoln
• THOMPSON, Mary E married to JONES, William S on 19 Dec 1893 at Albion
• THOMPSON, Mary J married to CHAMBERS, Nelson on 08 Dec 1870 at Galesville
• THOMPSON, Mathilda C married to SORENSON, Ingman Julius on 06 Mar 1899 at Osseo
• THOMPSON, Melvina Emelie married to LASHAR, Bernt Emil on 02 Jun 1907 at Eau Claire, Eau Claire Co WI
• THOMPSON, Millie married to MELBY, Chris on 06 Feb 1894 at Independence
• THOMPSON, Molly Dorthea married to SEVERSON, Ole M on 18 May 1898 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Olive B married to JOHNSON, Knut K on 29 Dec 1904 at Preston
• THOMPSON, Sarah married to PRICE, Edward on 14 Oct 1895 at Dodge
• THOMPSON, Sarah married to THOMPSON, Hans on 03 Jul 1876 at Trempealeau
• THOMPSON, Sarah O married to KNUTSON, Charles H on 31 Aug 1895 at Blair
• THOMPSON, Tene Julia married to AUSTENSEN, Ole Louis on 24 May 1903 at Ettrick
• THOMPSON, Tillie married to TERPENNING, Emerey L on 19 Apr 1904 at Whitehall
• THOMSDATTER, Guri married to HERIED, Erik Knudson on 17 Dec 1877 at Ettrick
• THORBUS, Clara married to HALVORSON, Thomas N on 26 Sep 1907 at Blair
• THORESON, Marie married to ESTENSON, Buterius on 19 Nov 1879 at Pigeon
• THORKELSON, Christine Eleonora married to TJOFLOT, Amund G on 02 Jun 1898 at Ettrick
• THORMOEN, Ella Johanna E married to THURSTON, Elmer Alfred on 22 Jun 1898 at Preston
• THORNTON, Bessie (a widow) married to EDWARDS, John Clark on 26 Feb 1880 at Trempealeau Co
• THORNTON, Ella Gertrude married to POST, John Henry on 08 Jun 1898 at Trempealeau
• THORP, Mina married to OLSON, Ole Christian on 04 Aug 1898 at Pigeon Falls
• THORSDATTER, Karoline married to GUNNERSON, Ole O on 01 Apr 1877 at Pigeon
• THORSON, Lovise Marie married to TORPEN, Melvin H on 17 Jun 1902 at Pigeon Falls
• THORSTAD, Anna E married to HAGESTAD, Hans J on 13 Jun 1894 at Hegg
• THORSTENSDATTER, Ragnhild married to BIEN, Herman Hermansen on 31 Dec 1879 at Pigeon Falls
• THROM, Mary C married to BENHAM, William S on 05 Dec 1878 at Arcadia
• THRONSON, Anna married to JOHNSON, George on 27 Dec 1871 at Gale
• THURSTON, Alydia married to ELLAND, Milan on 29 Aug 1901 at Preston
• THURSTON, Ellen A married to SNYDER, Herman on 23 Mar 1861 at Preston
• THURSTON, Jenette married to BESWICK, Chester Jr on 07 Jul 1867 at Preston
• THURSTON, Stella married to JOHNSON, Jake on 05 May 1899 at Blair
• THYRING, Elizabeth married to WILCZEK, Thomas on 28 Apr 1896 at Independence
• TIDD, Leone married to DAGGETT, Guy Botler on 12 Aug 1891 at Trempealeau
• TILFORD, Charlotte A married to BRIGHT, Charles T on 22 Jan 1873 at Trempealeau
• TILTON, Mary married to MCCORMICK, Saul on 15 Feb 1871 at Trempealeau
• TINNEY, Addline married to SCOTT, Cleve on 09 May 1907 at Elk Creek
• TJARNSON, Gemla married to TORBJORNSON, Johanes on 01 Apr 1865 at Preston
• TJOSTAD, Theoline Isabel married to HOLT, Ole C on 19 Jul 1896 at Preston
• TOBEY, Betsey married to WRIGHT, Hollister on 02 Feb 1874 at Trempealeau
• TODD, Lilly Sarah married to HAWKINS, Royal Henry on 27 Feb 1895 at Trempealeau
• TODD, Sarah married to SHIPMAN, George on 28 Nov 1869 at Sumner
• TOFF, Johanne married to KOPPEN, Georg Fredrick Theodor on 07 Sep 1904 at Blair
• TOLEFSDATTER, Ragnilda married to KRIBS, Kitel Bjorgenson on 27 Nov 1876 at Ettrick
• TOLHAUGEN, Nella Johnson married to MIDTSKOGEN, Olaus Olson on 07 Jun 1894 at Ettrick
• TOLLEFSDATTER, Dorthea married to SJOLI, Arne O on 07 Oct 1878 at French Creek
• TOLLEFSDATTER, Ellie married to SYVERTSON, Syvert on 10 Nov 1881 at Ettrick
• TOLLEFSON, Ingeborg married to TOLLEFSON, Hans on 05 Jun 1901 at Hale
• TOLLEFSON, Lina married to TOLLEFSON, Martinus on 11 Sep 1901 at Strum
• TOLLEFSON, Thea married to KEEN, Anders on 26 Mar 1897 at Hale
• TOLLEFSRUD, Anne M married to HAGEN, Ole C on 05 Sep 1887 at Strum
• TOLLERSON, Mary married to HELGESON, Andrew on 06 Dec 1865 at Preston
• TOLOKEN, Hilda married to SCOW, Emil on 26 May 1907 at Ettrick
• TOLOKKEN, Jennie Alida married to ANDERSON, Peter on 21 Mar 1900 at French Creek
• TOMA, Anna married to GIMZA, Francis on 22 Jun 1897 at North Creek
• TOMA, Fanne married to WALDERA, Francis on 18 Oct 1888 at North Creek
• TOMA, Paulina married to MYSZ, James on 27 Feb 1905 at North Creek
• TOMALA, Rosalia married to LIBOWSKI, Frank on 23 Jun 1891 at Independence
• TOMARSENSKA, Michalina married to SAWERJNSKI, Barthelemy on 08 Nov 1879 at Burnside
• TOMASZEWSKI, Anna married to SOBOTA, Andrew J on 22 Oct 1902 at Independence
• TOMCZAK, Antonia married to ROSKOSZ, Mike on 20 Jan 1890 at Independence
• TOMCZAK, Julia married to ROZKOSZ, Michael on 15 Aug 1897 at Independence
• TOMLINSON, Dakota married to PAUL, August on 04 Jul 1888 at Trempealeau
• TOMTEN, Mathea married to FREDRICKSON, Ole on 29 Oct 1902 at Pigeon
• TOMTER, Karen Agnethe married to MARKING, Carl N on 01 Jun 1906 at Pigeon Falls
• TOMTER, Lizzie married to MATTISON, Martin on 27 Oct 1906 at Pigeon Falls
• TOPPER, Emma married to MACCAULEY, James on 24 Apr 1898 at Trempealeau
• TORAASEN, Otilia married to HOGANSON, Hans on 03 Sep 1904 at Preston
• TORALDSON, Emma married to OVINLON, Edward on 18 Apr 1906 at Preston
• TORBLAA, Hannah Rosalia married to NELSON, Louis J on 19 Sep 1906 at Blair
• TORBLEAU, Isabella married to NOSS, John C on 26 Jul 1882 at Unity
• TORESON, Kristine married to MOE, Hans on 03 Jul 1887 at Eau Claire Co WI
• TORGERSDOTTER, Johanna married to JOHANNESSEN, Christian  on 21 Nov 1873 at (none listed)
• TORGERSEN, Oline married to LARSEN, Alfred on 25 May 1907 at Strum
• TORGERSON, Andrea married to KNUTSON, Hans on 24 May 1890 at Pigeon Falls
• TORGERSON, Susanna married to GARTHUS, Amund H on 13 Aug 1887 at Independence
• TORGESON, Lovena married to ERIKSON, Ever on 22 May 1886 at Lincoln
• TORGINE, Anne married to HOLMEN, Carl P on 14 Jun 1893 at Sumner
• TORIMOEN, Lina married to LOVBERG, Martin M on 17 Jan 1884 at Blair
• TORKELSON, Anna married to FREDERICKSON, Frederick on 16 Oct 1902 at Preston
• TORKELSON, Johanne married to FINDSTAD, Peder C on 19 Sep 1885 at Pigeon
• TORKELSON, Karen married to TORKELSON, Theodore on 08 Mar 1907 at Blair
• TORKELSON, Oliva married to JACOBSON, Oscar on 20 Mar 1906 at Elk Creek
• TORMEN, Lina married to GRANLUND, Peter on 27 Apr 1906 at Preston
• TORMOE, Maris H married to HJALSAND, Anders Olsen on 03 Jan 1903 at Blair
• TORNOW, Hulda married to BRANDT, Henry J on 16 Jun 1883 at Arcadia
• TORPEN, Anna married to HOFF, August on 03 Dec 1904 at Pigeon Falls
• TORPEN, Emma married to IHLE, Albert S on 25 May 1907 at Sumner
• TORPEN, Mary Elena married to MONSON, Olius on 20 Jul 1907 at Strum
• TORPEN, Mathilda married to PEDERSON, Ingvald Martin on 30 Mar 1907 at Sumner
• TORRESON, Helene married to GUNDERSON, Lauritz on 15 May 1885 at Lincoln
• TORSNOS, Eli married to SOLVIG, Elias on 13 Sep 1882 at Unity
• TOSTENSON, Kristine married to KRISTIANSON, Kristian on 05 Jul 1886 at Pigeon
• TOSTENSON, Marit married to OLSEN, Gullick on 15 Nov 1870 at Lincoln
• TOVSDATTER, Eline married to UNDEBERG, Ole Olson on 27 Oct 1888 at Arcadia
• TOVSEN, Hage married to SVENSEN, Ole on 16 Nov 1888 at Ettrick
• TOVSEN, Marie married to JENSEN, Mandus on 29 Sep 1903 at Arcadia
• TOVSEN, Signe married to MOEN, Tom Kitelson on 18 Jan 1900 at French Creek
• TOWER, Mildred Sprague married to FARRAND, Charles Henry on 18 Dec 1895 at Galesville
• TOWNER, Clara married to BARTLETT, William W on 20 Aug 1890 at Caledonia
• TOWNER, Helena married to HOBERTON, Albert H on 16 Nov 1890 at Caledonia
• TOWNER, Mary A married to BARTLETT, William W on 02 Oct 1884 at Trempealeau Co
• TOWSLEY, Stella married to CALLENDER, Lewis H on 20 Apr 1892 at Galesville
• TRAASET, Kristine E married to BRATBERG, Otto Johnson on 07 May 1886 at Ettrick
• TRENTOR, Anna Dora married to RUMSEY, Charles Jessie on 02 Jan 1900 at Lincoln
• TRESTRAINE, Elizabeth L married to BOHRNSTEDT, Albert C T on 01 Jan 1900 at Galesville
• TRIM, Mary A married to NICHOLS, James N on 23 Mar 1892 at Trempealeau
• TRIM, Nettie A married to PETTINGER, Milten R on 23 May 1895 at Trempealeau
• TROCHINSKI, Mary married to LEACH, Alonzo Baker on 08 Aug 1878 at Trempealeau
• TRONNES, Gina married to JONSRUD, Ole on 29 Dec 1897 at Blair
• TROWBRIDGE, Jennie married to HOLMES, Jacob T on 02 Dec 1868 at Trempealeau
• TROWBRIDGE, Mary P married to TROWBRIDGE, E N on 25 Jun 1866 at Trempealeau
• TRUAX, Isabelle married to WEBBER, Arthur on 01 Jun 1879 at Caledonia
• TRUAX, Zrah Jane married to WEBBER, Jeremiah on 19 Dec 1874 at Caledonia
• TRUOG, Elizabeth married to GORTON, Lincoln C on 20 Sep 1888 at Arcadia
• TRUSDELL, Bertha married to HEUSTON, George Zell on 30 Nov 1878 at Trempealeau
• TRYBER, Kobarna married to BROM, Frank on 08 Feb 1874 at Trempealeau
• TUCKER, Anna married to DWORSCHACK, Anthony on 14 Jan 1902 at Independence
• TUCKER, Mary   married to WALLER, Lemuel H on 24 Feb 1904 at Ettrick
• TUCKER, Mary Ann married to TUCKER, Newton P on 01 Jan 1879 at Trempealeau
• TUCKER, Mary Jane married to MCHUGH, Thomas Joseph on 27 Apr 1898 at Ettrick
• TUCKER, Mary L married to JOHNSON, Hans on 12 May 1880 at Arcadia
• TUCKER, Mary L married to JOHNSON, Hans on 12 May 1880 at Arcadia
• TUFF, Anne Marie O married to EKRE, Paul F on 14 Apr 1891 at Pigeon
• TULL, Alice Lorena married to WILLIAMS, W H on 21 Mar 1891 at Trempealeau
• TULLIUS, Ernestine married to NELSON, Charles on 17 Sep 1901 at Dodge
• TURES, Emma Desa married to HESS, James on 21 Apr 1883 at Trempealeau
• TURLEY, Anne married to TURLEY, James J on 24 Jul 1881 at Galesville
• TURNBULL, Laura Ella married to DAVIS, Charles Edward on 03 Mar 1880 at Independence
• TURNER, Amelia A married to DAVIS, Levi Randall on 25 Mar 1862 at Trempealeau
• TURNER, Helen L married to TOWNER, Richard C on 11 Sep 1859 at Trempealeau
• TURNER, Mary E married to PIKE, Thomas J on 10 Mar 1880 at Lincoln
• TUYER, Maria married to NELSON, Johannes on 11 Oct 1883 at Albion
• TVESME, Anna married to BENRUD, Johannes on 28 Nov 1895 at Gale
• TVESME, Anna Randine married to HOLVEN, Torkel L on 12 Jun 1895 at Ettrick
• TWEED, Mary married to MIKKELSEN, John on 19 Mar 1903 at Pigeon Falls
• TWEEDT, Olea N married to JENSON, Knut on 13 Mar 1887 at Buffalo Co WI
• TYRING, Pauline married to SMIEJA, Joseph Frank on 05 Jul 1897 at Independence